Earlier today, I engaged in a Twitter conversation about first rights for short stories/novelettes/novellas. Over the course of the conversation, it became clear that it would be nice to have a single page I could link to from the submissions guidelines of the various projects I’m involved in.
There was some debate on this topic, so I will start by saying that I am not the final authority on this issue for anything but the magazines and anthologies I’m editing. This includes The Best Science Fiction of the Year, in which case my definition will overrule that of the editor of the publications I select stories from.
FIRST RIGHTS
In over-simplified terms this means the person/publisher that gets to publish the story first. If there are restrictions (First English Language, First Electronic, etc) then it is the first to publish to that particular subset. NOTE: Obviously unrestricted first rights are no longer available the moment a subset of those rights are sold.
These days, there are many ways to publish a story. It’s not always as clear-cut as appearing in a book or magazine. You have to think of publishing as distribution. There are some obvious situations that make it clear that the story has been published:
- appearance in a book or magazine (print, audio, or digital formats)
- money has changed hands (barter too) in exchange for a copy of the work
- anyone using Google or another internet search tool can find the text of the story
Here are a few examples of situations where a story has been published:
- it appears in a book, magazine, pamphlet, postcard, etc. (self-publishing and school journals included) that is freely available or sold
- it appears on your website for visitors to read (no matter what size your audience is)
- it appears on a publicly available website (like Wattpad or a forum, even one with membership restrictions)
- it is distributed as a Patreon or Kickstarter reward (money has changed hands, no different than selling an ebook)
Here are a few example of situations that don’t count as publication:
- story is read aloud at a convention (unless that is recorded and distributed)
- story appears on private site that exists for the purpose of providing feedback on a story (only editors and writers participating, covers various private critique groups–be wary of groups that allow anyone to join and read your story)
- story is shared in a classroom or given to teacher as part of a class
- story is entered into a contest (wins or loses) but is not shared to anyone outside the judges (this is just like a slush pile, a business process)
- story is purchased by a magazine, but the magazine folds before the story is distributed to readers (in this situation the rights should revert to the author and they can sell them to someone else or use them on their own)
- a copy of the story is placed on your mom’s refrigerator
REPRINTS
Stories that have already been published can be sold or published again as reprints. (The original publisher may have a fixed period of exclusivity on the story that prevent you from selling reprint rights before a certain date. Some even limit where it can be reprinted. Pay attention to your contracts.)
Publishers looking for first rights or original stories are, by definition, excluding reprints.
When a story is reprinted, the first publication is usually credited (Originally appeared in XXX, edited by YYY, YEAR) so make sure you include that information with any submissions that are open to reprints.
Please ask questions in the comments. I will update the document as additional examples are brought to my attention.
Ranylt
Under “Don’t Count,” I would certainly, as a publisher, never count stories that circulated in print or over email between members of a critique group (not just private blogs). Heck, I like to assume most stories we buy HAVE gone through some kind of critique process!
Neil Clarke
Yes, in the same spirit as the second and third item
Sandra M. Odell
What are your thoughts on audio markets when it comes to publishing? Is a story considered “published” if it appears in an audio only market? Could it be sent to a market that only accepted “unpublished” works?
Neil Clarke
They’ve used their first audio rights. For Clarkesworld, I want those, so it would be a problem.
For my YB anthology, I would consider the story published in the year the audio was published, even if they text hadn’t been published.
C.A.Tedeschi
How does Clarkesworld reward the author for the use of 1st audio rights?
It seems like it should not fall under the umbrella of 10 cents a word; or does it?
Patrick
Hey Neil,
Valuable perspective here, thanks for laying this subject out like this.
One additional distinction I’d like you to clarify: would websites like Critique Circle or Scribophile fall under ‘private site[s] that exists for the purpose of providing feedback on a story’ or ‘publicly available website[s] (… even one with membership restrictions)’, in your opinion?
I would GUESS they fall-in with the former, but it’s not as clearly private as the above mentioned email groups, or say, a website that only gave out its password to the dozen or so members of its critique group.
Work on sites like Scribophile or Critique Circle doesn’t seem to get picked up by Google search crawlers, and neither are the sort of public site that say, FictionPress obviously is, but also any one can sign up, log in, and, theoretically, view any non-hidden materials posted there (and to others in this vein), even if searching out a specific story may be difficult.
They seem to straddle a sort of public/private line. As someone who’s considered posting prospective short stories to these sites for feedback, what’s your personal ruling as an editor? Thanks!
Neil Clarke
I’m not familiar with either of those sites, but I think a good rule of thumb is that if all it takes is filling out a form or paying some money, then you are at risk of losing your first rights. They are essentially public but not indexed.
Charlie
I am not familiar with Scribophile but I know CC and Critique Circle has the option to create private critique groups open to a limited number of members and inaccessible to members outside of invitation, so that should fall under ‘don’t count’. However, if you submitted an early draft of a story to the public queues and then significantly changed the text, it wouldn’t be the same piece, technically. Of course, you wouldn’t be able to then put up the final version for critique in those public queues…
Patrick Rochefort
Neil, can you explain why publishing houses are still focused on First Rights, in an era where the collaboration tools of the internet are so important and pervasive?
Rachel Swirsky
Stories printed as originals instead of reprints get a lot more traffic, according to editors of online publications that I know.
Neil Clarke
Yes, Rachel is correct. Originals attract a lot more eyeballs. That means it has significantly more value to a publisher.
I’m curious why you would think collaboration tools would count as publication. (I’m thinking of co-writing stories in Google Docs for example.) Are you thinking of something that is open to the public?
Neil Clarke
Based on a conversation I had today, I’ve added a couple of things that are definitely not published.
1. Contests where a story is read by judges but never distributed to the public. This is a lot like the slush process magazines and anthologies go through. In the end, they might even pay you, but if they aren’t publishing it (on their website, newsletter, anthology, etc.) it’s a lot like:
2. A magazine or anthology buys your story. They fold before publishing the issue that would have contained your story. Rights revert to you. Story is not published, so you still have first rights.
(back to 1) because the story has never been distributed and the rights are still in your hands.
mike
How can the rights revert back to you? If the story is accepted, and when you take first rights then how can it revert back to you? I’m just very confused at the moment.
Neil Clarke
First rights can only revert back to you if the rights are purchased/contracted but never used. For example, you sell a story to Amazing Space Platypus Magazine. Before they can publish your story, ASPM goes out of business. Assuming they were reasonable (which I can since I made them up), terms of their contract specified that if that should happen, all rights revert to you.
Money changed hands, contracts we’re signed, but the story was never distributed to readers. First rights remain intact.
mike
I asked because I had it on wattpad at one point but I ended up deleting it as it was unedited…is there a chance I can still submit my MS to you if at one point that it was on wattpad at one point?
Neil Clarke
I’m afraid that first rights are gone in that case and we wouldn’t consider it.
Kevin
I know this is old, but I’m wondering if you have the submission address for Amazing Space Platypus Magazine. 🙂
Neil Clarke
🙂 Sadly, they only exist in an alternate universe. They are doing quite well there though.
Elima
Quick question…does this also include stories that were self-published to extremely limited distribution, and no longer available for purchase?
Thank you.
Neil Clarke
That story was published and first rights are no longer available. Removing the ability to purchase the story does not restore first rights.
Richard
Hi Neil, What about the situation where an early version of a story is available on a website. If it is subsequently heavily edited and expanded (and the title changed), would this exclude it from first right?
Thanks,
Richard
Neil Clarke
Hi Richard,
“Heavily edited” means a lot of things to different people. I would expect the arc of the story to be substantially different and any conflict to have been altered so as not to be predictable from my experience of reading the original. Every editor will look at this differently, so it would be best to be up front about its history when submitting the story. If someone wants to publish it, they might ask to see the original just to be sure it passes their own sniff test before issuing a contract.
-Neil
Walt Pilcher
Thanks for this article, but I would still appreciate some specific clarification. My collection of short stories and poems was published last year by a trade publisher (not self-published or vanity press, if that matters). By contract with that publisher, after six months I’m allowed to submit material from that book to other publishers, such as Clarkesworld. Does Clarkesworld accept submissions of such previously-published work? It sounds like the answer is No, but, again, I want to be sure.
Neil Clarke
Since the stories were previously published, that means that first rights have been used and are no longer available. Clarkesworld requires first rights, so no, we would not consider any of those stories.
Walt Pilcher
Thanks for your answer. (Sorry, forgot to say thank you sooner.)
Kevin
Neil, many thanks for this helpful description. Would you consider a story that has been excerpted to be available for first rights sale, or does its partial publication (on a blog, for example) use up first publishing rights?
Neil Clarke
It depends on how much (and what portions) of the story were published in that excerpt.
Katie
Hi, I do most of my writing on Wattpad and have several stories I’m working on there that I would like to eventually publish. If we take them down so they no longer appear on Wattpad, can we submit to you? I do know Wattpad does not receive first rights for anything we post there.
Neil Clarke
Sorry, once they are posted , first rights are gone and you can’t get them back by deleting that copy. Whether or not Wattpad claims first rights, doesn’t matter. You’ve used them by placing the story there.
Alexander Sison
Hi Neil. I suppose my question has been partially answered already but I’d just like to confirm so I never have to ask again. I presume first rights also take into account independently published works as well, do they not? So if I wrote a story and sold it on my own to a few dozen people, then that would no longer be eligible for Clarkesworld, correct?
Alexander Sison
Okay, never mind. Just saw that part where the article mentioned it. Okay, um different question. What if the story has appeared as part of a collection of works for a graduate thesis? Does that count as disqualification for First Print Rights?
Neil Clarke
That all depends on how available it is to the general public.
Anthony
Hi Neil. Just looking for a cautious clarification on this point, please: is a story that’s part of a thesis made only accessible to the staff and students of the university where it has been deposited (which is a minimum requirement for thesis deposit), and not the wider public, considered as first print? I expect not, but thought it’s worth asking the question. Many thanks.
Alexander Sison
Also, what if, say a 3-page excerpt for a 50 page work was put up on a site that asks for funding to have the work published, like say, Kickstarter? But then for some reason, it never pushed through, and only the three page excerpt was ever glimpsed?
Neil Clarke
I doubt there are any editors that would object to that. It’s a very small percentage of the work.
Lef
These clarifications are really useful, but I ‘m still in doubt as to my case. Do “Language: English” and “Translations are welcome” stack? That is, do you consider a story that has been made available in a language other than English as unpublished?
Neil Clarke
We’re technically looking for First English Language rights, so yes, a story written and published in another language will still have its First English rights until it has been translated and published in English. I’ve published a lot of stories like this.
mike
I have my work on google docs it hasn’t been seen on any site like wattpad but will I be allowed to submit it to you?
Neil Clarke
Using Google docs by itself is not a problem, however, the bigger question is whether or not it has been shared and for what purpose.
Kent C. Dodds
I’ve written my story on Google Docs and made a publicly available link that I share freely with people (via twitter, mailing list, facebook, etc.) eliciting feedback. The story is still a work in progress (maybe 75% written and completely unedited). Would you consider this problematic?
Neil Clarke
If you are allowing everyone/anyone to read it, then you are at-risk. I would advise pulling the public share down and restricting it to a small group of trusted first readers to prevent future rights difficulties.
Collin
Hi Neil, after reading this article about first rights I still have a few questions. First, when Clarkesworldmagazine purchases these rights – first print, electronic text/ audio, and non-exclusive anthology rights what exactly does that entail. Does Clarkesworldmagazine then own my story forever and all time or is it for a time limit, say two months?
Next, if I take my short story and grow it into a novel, and list it as having been published at Clarkesworldmagazine originally, and have waited until the first rights time limit has expired, would that be possible?
Thank you again for taking the time to look through this, I sincerely appreciate it.
Neil Clarke
First rights means I get to publish it first, so that’s gone after the first use. It’s just one of many rights people need to be familiar with, but the one that tends to cause the most confusion. All the other things you are asking about would be covered by different clauses in the contract. For example, we have EXCLUSIVE rights (meaning you can’t make it available anywhere else) for six months and NON-EXCLUSIVE rights (meaning you can resell the story as a reprint, include in a collection or novel, but we can still have it on our site) after the exclusive period is over. There’s another clause providing the option to remove a story from the archives after another period of time, and another that restricts usage of the story to a specific issue and the annual anthology. I cannot, for example, create a Best of Clarkesworld without acquiring reprint rights from the author at a later date. We never OWN your story.
Varun Vithaldas Prabhu
Hello, Neil, my question is quite similar. Can I set a short story in a fantasy/sci-fi verse I am building?
For example, say, I have a short story set in a world and I intend to publish a novel in this world independently soon. Say, the story of that world is quite different but does reference to the short story I send for publishing on Clarkesworld or use its characters?
Neil Clarke
The characters and world in your stories are yours to do with as you please. We’ve published several stories that have later been expanded into novels by their authors.
Anthony Nicholas
So would it be OK to send you an unpublished, stand-alone story that may later be used as a chapter in a future novel?
Neil Clarke
Yes. We have published several stories that have gone on to become novels.
Collin
Thanks Neil! Just one more quick question. Would it be possible for you to email me the contract you spoke of earlier? It would really mean a lot to me and I’d truly appreciate it.
Thank you again for your help earlier!
Sam
If I allow you to publish my story and then want to sell it later, what are the rules on that?
Neil Clarke
Most publications will insist on an exclusivity period that will prevent you from reprinting the story for a fixed period of time. (Clarkesworld is currently six months.) After that, they may or may not have non-exclusive rights (we do), meaning you can sell the story elsewhere as a reprint but they still have a copy too. After the first publication, other future publications will always be reprints. First rights are burned.
All of this should be spelled out in the contract you receive with an acceptance letter. Probably should write something up on common contract clauses at some point.
Sam
Thanks Neil,
I’m in the process of finishing a piece that I was considering submitting to you in the next month or so.
Sam
ShadowCub
Yes, PLEASE! (re: Contract Clauses)
Demetrius
And what about if the story is already published in a book or magazine of a foreign language (I e. Greek)?
Neil Clarke
Assuming the story hasn’t been previously translated and published in English, you should be fine. All the major English language SF awards also consider translations to be like any other story published in English for the first time that year.
Cassan
Can I translate stories in English that do not belong to me and are not translated in English by the owners?
Neil Clarke
For publication? Not without the author’s permission.
George Matiasz
What about a story that is available as a downloadable ebook or pdf from a document sharing site, blog, or facebook group? The text is not google-able, but the ebook/pdf document is.
Neil Clarke
I would say published and likely covered by “it appears in a book, magazine, pamphlet, postcard, etc. (self-publishing and school journals included) that is freely available or sold.”
N
I’m so glad I stumbled upon this. I found the article informative and the questions and comments hilarious. Had it been me, I might’ve grown exasperated at having to clarify clarifications, (Sorry/Not Sorry… I chuckeld at some of the questions) but you maintained professional decorum. Great article and great job! L’chaim!
VHT
Hi Neil,
I just wanted to clarify something that I’m unsure about.
I understand that First Rights means you have the right to publish first. But does that mean, for example, that if I wanted to publish on my own site after you’ve published, I would be able to?
Neil Clarke
What you are asking about is actually covered under exclusive rights. In our case, we have six months of exclusive rights and non-exclusive after. Some publishers have shorter. Some have longer. Anyhow, during the exclusivity period, the publisher gets to be the only one making it available in the formats their contract specifies. After that, you can publish it yourself or sell it to a reprint market.
There’s one important exception to exclusivity that should be in a contract and that’s an exception for best of the year anthology reprints. Most already make this exception, but there are some that add strings. The more conditions/restrictions, the better you should be paid.
Terence Vickers
Seems to me that the definition of the word “publish” goes a long way towards answering most of the questions here. To make available to the public. If it is made available to the public it can be considered published. This includes putting a letter or notice up on a bulletin board where passers by can view it.
Neil Clarke
Typically, yes, but there are some cases where private distribution crosses the line too. Given as a Patreon or Kickstarter reward, for example.
Paul Clayton
Is there a timeline on reprint rights? If I published in a sci-fi mag like Clarkesworld, how soon afterwards would I be able to reprint that story in, say, a ‘self-published’ collection of my short stories?
Neil Clarke
You are asking about the limits on “exclusive rights.” Those aren’t necessarily restricted to first rights, but very common when they are in the mix. Clarkesworld is exclusive for six months, some publishers have longer exclusivity periods, a few less. It’s common to have an exception to that exclusivity clause for “year’s best” anthologies and sometimes even a single author collection. After the exclusive period is over, you are free to reprint/resell anywhere you want.
Mr. Green
Hello, if I have posted portions of a short story on facebook does this disqualify me from submitting said short story under the “first rights” clause?
Neil Clarke
It could. It all depends on what percentage of the story that portion represents and how much of the plot is spoiled by it. In this situation. different editors will see different amounts as acceptable. Best to be up-front about it and ask the editor before submitting the story for their consideration.
Sonora
Hello,
If a story was published in a high school literary magazine years ago, does it lose First Rights?
Thanks!
Neil Clarke
The first rights were claimed/used by the literary magazine.
David Smith
Hi Neil,
Would a story that is mainly horror but contains ample elements of science fiction count as “dark sf?”
David Smith
Sorry this isn’t about “First Rights.”
I’m curious though.
Jesse
Neil,
Thanks for this forum to answer questions. What does the statement below mean? It’s in my agreement.
We purchase first rights to the use of original, unpublished material in The Secret Place and unlimited rights for use in related electronic material.
Neil Clarke
I would advise against signing a contract that asks for rights in such vague terms. “Unlimited” and “related” could cover a wide variety of things, many of which aren’t good. It doesn’t mean the publisher is evil, but that language would certainly allow them to be. Ask them to be more specific and if they won’t do it, walk away.
R . D . MILLER
I posted my story in a Reddit forum for critique almost a year ago. The post was delete just as long ago and i have reworked the story since. Does this make the story ineligible to be considered for first rights?
Neil Clarke
Posting a story to a public site like Reddit would cost you your first rights. The story would have to have been substantially revised to be considered a new original work. Substantially will vary from editor-to-editor, but I’d expect the plot to be different enough that reading the previous version wouldn’t ruin it for me.
Rodrigo Juri
Dear sir,
I am a Chilean SF writer (well, at least I am trying to). I would like to submit a story to Clarkesworld, that I have translated. But the story, in original Spanish, has been published in several websites, and one anthology, and also it has been translated and published in a French anthology. In the event that you would like the story, never before published in English, is it first right or not? Even more important, would you be interested in such a story, if it has some merit?
Thank you.
Neil Clarke
Apologies for the delay in responding. The comment notification went to spam and I missed it last time I checked this post. I don’t know anyone who is looking for first rights across all languages. When I say first rights for my projects, I’m actually looking for first English language rights, meaning that an English language translation is acceptable assuming the story hasn’t been translated into English and published previously. (I know we’ve sort of settled this privately, but it’s a good one to have stated publicly.)
Nicoletta Vallorani
Neil, I’m sorry, I’m a bit confused. I’m in the process of translating in English a story of mine that has already been published by an Italian journal (Robot, by Silvio Sosio). Are you going to accept the translated version in this case?
Neil Clarke
No matter what, if the story has never been translated and published in English before, then you still have English first rights. That’s all I need.
I will add one thing you have to watch out for in this situation. If the story has been originally published in another language, make sure the contract for that story does not include foreign or English language rights. If it does, they may have a claim on the English language version. Even though English language first rights are still available, they may not be yours to sell. Sadly, I have seen this happen.
Nicoletta Vallorani
Thanks 🙂 I’ll check it 🙂
JC
Hello Neil,
Suppose a story I submit is published in Clarkesworld. How long after publication can I publish the story elsewhere?
Neil Clarke
You may sell the story as a reprint (first rights having been used by us) six months after publication. An exception is made for Year’s Best reprints.
J Burns
Hi, How is “exclusivity period” measured? Is it from the public release date of the first publication to the public release date of the reprint? Thus negotiations for reprints can begin during the exclusivity period, before the reprint is officially published? Thank you.
Neil Clarke
The exclusivity period starts on the date of publication and the contract should be clear about that. You can certainly talk to other publishers about reprinting the story at any time, but it cannot be reprinted until AFTER the exclusivity period has ended. The publisher can grant you an exception, but they’ll be very selective about what they’ll allow it for. The most common exception is for publication in “year’s best” type anthologies. I tend to encourage authors to make sure this specific exception is spelled out clearly in any contracts they sign.
gmseed
If an author has a story published in your magazine/website who owns the copyright? Does copyright remain with the author?
Neil Clarke
We never make a claim on the author’s copyright. Be wary of anyone who tries.
gmseed
Can I suggest clearly stating such on your “Submission Guidelines” page as after reading that I was unsure and hence the reason why I asked a question here.
Neil Clarke
It’s uncommon for a market to list the rights they are not acquiring.
This one in particular is so rare, that I don’t know of any English-language markets that actively acquire copyright. Any magazine attempting to do so would soon find itself on the wrong side of a very angry internet mob. SFWA would likely have a few words for them as well. No doubt, the warning flares would be visible from space.
mike
if your story is an ongoing one like a short story series under the max word count, will it be possible if its only on your magazine? my story is an ongoing one its offline and no ones read it.
Neil Clarke
I’m not sure I follow. I’m going to make a guess, so please let me know if you meant something else.
If your story is part of a series and one of the stories is considered published for any of the reasons previously mention, it does not automatically take away the first rights of the others. That said, many editors prefer stories in a series to be able to stand on their own–meaning someone can read story 5 and understand what is going on without needing to read stories 1-4. It should also have an ending that doesn’t require the reader to track down story 6. This isn’t an absolute. If you do find someone who wants to publish the entire series, they might be willing to consider publishing the previously published installment as a reprint.
In 13 years, we’ve never published a true series, but we have published a number of stories that were set in the same universe as some of the author’s previous work–even some featuring the same characters. In a few cases, the previous stories weren’t in our magazine. They stood on their own though and that made it work for us.
mike
its like resident evil but for young adult and older. but yes its a stand alone each book.
Aleksandar Žiljak
I am a writer from Croatia and I write in Croatian. Suppose my story is already published in Croatia in the Croatian language. What happens if I translate that story into English and submit it to you? Did I lose the first rights that way? Or do you mean the first rights only for English? I am an author already published in English, but mostly in various non-exclusive venues.
Neil Clarke
You no longer have first Croatian rights, but you do have first English language rights for the translated version.
Most US magazines and anthologies asking for first rights would consider it eligible for submission. I know that all the major English language awards consider translated works original to the year they were published in English. It’s also becoming more common to see this spelled out in submission guidelines. When in doubt, you can query the editor or simply include the information in your cover letter.
Aleksandar Žiljak
Thank you. This clears things, and later I saw the same answer to a query from Greece.
Darion
What’s the process if the following scenario happens (hypothetically):
You purchase a short story that I wrote and a movie studio shows interest in it.
Who gets to decide what happens? And in terms of payment from them, how does it work?
Neil Clarke
This has happened with a few stories we’ve published and it has been a pretty consistent process. We don’t acquire any film/tv rights, so they are all yours. In fact, no magazine/anthology should be doing this. All discussions with them will be directly with you (and hopefully your agent, which you should have in this situation). (Sometimes they may contact me for your email address, but that’s just a technicality.) They will want to know the publication history of the work. They send everyone (even reprints) on that list a form to confirm that they don’t have any claim on the rights they seek from you. I sign that form and send it back. After that, I’m out of the picture. That is unless you count me cheering when it finally gets made into a show/movie. They pay you (or your agent) directly. I earn $0.
Camden Hine
If I want to publish an English translation of a story that has been published in a different language, is that alright? Or is it only possible to submit stories that have not been published in any language?
Neil Clarke
If the story has not been published in English, then you still have First English Language Rights.
(NOTE: If the contract with your original publisher included foreign rights, which I have seen happen, you need to get those rights reverted to be able to sell the story in the markets they’ve tied up. Even if they haven’t used them, they could still have a legal claim. You should have that in writing for your own protection.)
The majority of markets–Clarkesworld included–aren’t concerned with whether or not it was published in other language first. I have published many translated works and the overwhelming majority of them were published in another language first.
Regina
Let’s say a short story is published and it’s also part of a larger novel. Would an agent or publishing house frown upon the fact that a chapter/prologue was first published in a magazine as a stand alone piece to then be included in a novel?
On that same vein, if the story was published in a magazine that had a couple of the same characters from a yet to be published novel, how is that received?
Neil Clarke
A few stories I’ve published at Clarkesworld have been reworked or incorporated into novels. I don’t think it’s made it harder for those authors to sell the novel to a publisher. If the story is popular or wins an award, it might even help.
As for the second question, there might be the rare editor who disagrees, but so long as the story stands on its own, I’d certainly consider it. The novel itself wouldn’t play into my decision.
Regina
Thank you so much for taking time and energy to respond to my question, and all of our questions. Fabulous!
Gadi Evron
Thanks for this post and patience in answering questions. It’s surprisingly difficult to find clarification on some of these issues.